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Ionians one of the great
pan-Hellenic tribal groups. They lived initially in southwestern Thessaly, but
at a very early date migrated south. Some of them remained in southwestern
Thessaly and others moved to west Locris, Achaea and Pisa. Afterwards they
colonized Attica and Asia Minor. They also extensively settled the Cyclades,
Euboea, Corinth, Megara, Epidaurus, and by the end of the Mycenean era they were
in Attica, Megaris, Epidaurus, Troezin, Kynourua and Achaea. Defeated by the
Achaeans, Minyes, Phlegyes and Lapithes, they remained largely in Attica, some
of the islands, and most especially in western Asia Minor, which became known as
"Ionia". They are to a large extent responsible for Greek literature,
philosophy, and much Hellenic art (the Ionian dialect is the foundation upon
which standard Classic Greek developed, which in turn gave birth to "Koine"
(Common speech - the language of most of the New Testament), Byzantine dialects,
and ultimately modern Greek. In acquiescing to Persian hegemony in Asia Minor
during the 6th and 5th centuries, they earned the scornful contempt of the
Peloponessian Dorians, who regarded Ionians as weak,
compliant, mendacious, and very likely treasonous. It is this tension between
the two groups which is at the heart of much of Greek historical development.
- Ion
- Partitioned into four sub-tribes: Geleondes, Oplites,
Aegikoreis and Argadeis
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Ionians
The Ionians were one of the four
major tribes that the Greeks considered themselves to be divided
into during the ancient period; the other three being the Dorians,
Aeolians, and Achaeans. The Ionian dialect was one of the three
major linguistic divisions of the Hellenic world, together with the
Dorian and Aeolian dialects.
When referring to populations, “Ionian” defines several groups in
Classical Greece. In its narrowest sense, the term referred to the
region of Ionia in Asia Minor. In a broader sense, it could be used
to describe all speakers of the Ionic dialect, which in addition to
those in Ionia proper also included the Greek populations of Euboea,
the Cyclades, and many cities founded by Ionian colonists. Finally,
in the broadest sense it could be used to describe all those who
spoke languages of the East Greek group, which included Attic.
The foundation myth which was current in the Classical period
suggested that the Ionians were named after Ion, son of Xuthus, who
lived in the north Peloponnesian region of Aigialeia. When the
Dorians invaded the Peloponnese they expelled the Achaeans from the
Argolid and Lacedaemonia. The displaced Achaeans moved into
Aigialeia (thereafter known as Achaea), in turn expelling the
Ionians from Aigialeia. The Ionians moved to Attica and mingled with
the local population of Attica, and many later emigrated to the
coast of Asia Minor founding the historical region of Ionia.
Unlike the austere and militaristic Dorians, the Ionians are
renowned for their love of philosophy, art, democracy, and pleasure
– Ionian traits that were most famously expressed by the Athenians.
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İyon Uygarlığı
İyon Uygarlığı Yunanlar tarafından milattan
önce 1200'de Batı Anadolu'da kurulan bir medeniyettir. Batı Anadolu'da
kabaca Gediz Nehrinden, Küçük Menderes Nehir'ine kadarki kıyı bölgesine
kurmuş ve İyonya adını vermişlerdir.
Şehir devletleri halinde yaşamışlardır. 12 şehir devletinden oluşan bir
birlik oluşturmuşlardır. Bu şehirler sırasıyla Miletos, Myos, Priene, Efes,
Kolophon, Lebedos, Teos, Erithrai, Klazomenai, Phokia Samos ve Khios'dur.
Smyra aslında Aiol birliğinde iken daha sonradan iyonlaşmıştır. Halikarnos
ise Dor birliğinden atılınca, İyon birliğine girmiştir.
Ticaret yollarının bitiş noktasında bulunmaları, tarım ve deniz ticareti
sayesinde zenginleşmeleri sonucunda kültürel ve bilim yönüyle Anadolu
medeniyetlerinin en gelişmişini oluşturmuşlardır. Yerleşme amacıyla
özellikle Marmara ve Karadeniz kıyılarından pek çok koloni kurmuşlardır.
Şehir devletleri halinde yaşamaları, bilim insanlarının yetişmesine uygun
özgür düşünce ortamına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bazı ünlü İyonyalılar; tıpta
Hipokrat, tarihte Herodot, felsefe'de Diyojen, matematikte Pisagor, Thales
gibi bilim insanları yetişmiştir.
İnsan şeklinde düşündükleri çok tanrılı din anlayışı vardır. Özellikle Efes
kentinde bir ana tanrıça figürü olan Artemis önemli tanrıçalardadır.
Persler tarafından İyonyalılar'a son verilmiştir. Perslere teslim olan
Miletos hariç diğer birçok İyon kenti yağmalanmıştır. Atina'nın desteklediği
bazı isyan girişimleri olduysa da bu girişimler sonuçsuz kalmıştır.
Mimaride İyon nizamını geliştirmişlerdir (Örnek, Efes harabeleri, Artemis
Tapınağı). |
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