Harran

City on the border between Syria, Turkey, and Iraq, with a long and complex history. Though traditionally within the Syrian sphere of influence, it is today (just barely) inside the Turkish frontier. It should be noted here that in 53 BCE, the Roman consul Marcus Licinius Crassus was defeated and killed by the Parthians outside Harran (Carrhae to the Romans), who used horse archery to annihilate the Roman force. Only a handful of Romans escaped; Roman soldiers were believed to have been sold as slaves by the thousands as far away as India and China.

• Zugalum (fem.).....................................fl. c. 2400

• ??

• To Mari.......................................c. 1800-1760

  • Itur Asdu..............................early-mid 1700's

• To various Eastern Semitic (Akkadian) peoples.......to c. 1600's

• To Arameans....................................c. 1600-900's

• Kingdom of Aram-Nahara'im Literally "Aram of the rivers"; Aramean kingdom in northern Syria. Also known as Padan-Aram and Beit-Nahreen, it was the traditional stopping-point of the Patriarch Abraham's family on the way from Ur to Canaan.

• Aram ben Nahor (eponymous ancestor-king of Arameans)c. 1700

• Bethuel ben Nahor......................................1600's ?

• Lavan bar Bethuel......................................1600's ?

• ??

• Be'or............................................early 1200's

• Balaam...........................................early-mid 1200's

• Cushan-Rishataim ? ...............................fl. late 1200's or early 1100's

• ??

• To Assyria......................................c. 900-609

  • Bel-Pihati....................................fl. c. 730

• To Babylon.........................................609-539

  • Nabo-Balatu-Ikbi (father of Nabo-Naid of Babylon).550's

  • Nabo-Naid (son of the King of Babylon)............540's

• To Persia..........................................539-332

• To Macedon.........................................332-323

• To the Kingdom of Antigonus........................323-301

• To the Seleucid Empire.............................301-c. 80

• To Armenia.......................................c. 80-66

• To Persia.......................................66 BCE-116 CE

• To the Roman Empire................................116-232

• To Persia..........................................232-242

• To the Roman Empire................................242-395

• To the Byzantine Empire............................395-638

• To the Caliphate...................................638-990

• Emirate of Harran

• Numayrid

• Abu Qawam Mu'ayyid al-Dawla Wathab.................990-1019

• Abu Nasr Sani'at al-Dawla Shabib..................1019-1040

• Muta'in (in Raqqa)................................1040-c.1050 with...

• Hassan (in Saruj).................................1040-c.1050 and...

• Qawam (in Harran).................................1040-c.1050 and...

• Abu'l-Ziman Najib al-Dawla Radi'l(Qa'alat Jabar)..1040-1063

• ?

• Yahya ibn al-Shatr................................. ? -1081

• To the Seljuqs....................................1081-1099

• To the County of Edessa...........................1099-1144

• To Mosul..........................................1144-1175

• To Egypt..........................................1175-1258

• To the Mongols, and the Persian Ilkhans...........1258-1335

• To Egypt..........................................1335-1375

• To Cilicia (Ramadan-Oghlu)........................1375-1608

• To the Ottoman Empire & (1922) Turkey.............1608-