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Acemhöyük (Ancient Anatolian
City of Acemhoyuk-Aksaray)
Location of Acemhoyuk:
Acemhöyük, Ancient Anatolian City, is located within the territory of the Yesilova
(Yeşilova) District, 18 km northwest
of the Aksaray Province. It is easily accessible through the
Aksaray-Yesilova motorway.
A map of Bronze Age (3300 BCE to 1200 BCE) Anatolia.
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Geography and Environment
of Acemhoyuk:
Acemhöyük looks like a flat
hill from a far distance. It is reported to measure ca. 800 x 700 m in
dimensions according to the distribution of the pottery. The size of the
EBA settlement couldn't be verified by the researchers. Almost completely
obscured by the modern Yesilova houses, it has been saved from the
possible damages after the excavation was started. The Melendiz Stream (Uluirmak)
originating from the Melendiz Mountain, used to pass by the hill to spill
into the Lake Tuz. Today, it disappears in the plain before reaching the
lake as it is used for irrigation purposes
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For Acemhoyuk site maps and drawings please click on the picture...
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For Acemhoyuk photographs (gallery) please click on the photo...
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Type:
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Mound |
Altitude:
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953 m |
Region:
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Central Anatolia-Cappadocia |
Province:
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Aksaray |
District:
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Yesilova |
Village:
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Merkez |
Investigation Method:
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Excavation |
Period:
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EBA II EBA III |
Early Bronze Age (EBA) II EBA III
Research and Excavations
in Acemhoyuk:
Acemhöyük
was excavated by Prof.
N. Özgüç of Faculty of Language, History and Geography,
University of Ankara between 1962 and 1988. The excavation was taken over by Prof.
A. Öztan from the same faculty in 1989, and it still continues. The recent
excavations are focused on Assyrian Colony
Period. It takes place in the
registered archaeological sites list prepared by Ministry of Culture and
Tourism.
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Stratigraphy:Ancient
Acemhöyük
site had been inhabited from the EBA to the Roman Period. Among others, the
settlement of Assyrian Colony Period dating from the first quarter of the
second millennium BC is particularly significant with its famous palaces and
finds. Because the excavations were targeted revealing the settlements of
the second millennium BC, the deeper levels were not excavated extensively.
The EBA levels were only reached through a deeper sounding on the east of
the mound. The building levels VIII-X uncovered in the trench S are dated to
the EBA II-III periods. Depending on the surface finds of the first
settlement, it is claimed the first occupation started during the Last
Chalcolithic Age [Yakar 1985:199].
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Findings &
Observations in Acemhoyuk:
Architecture:
Acemhöyük excavations yielded a village architecture consisting of
mudbrick structures with rectangular or crooked plans from the EBA period.
The houses with stone foundations are thought to have flat roofs. The floors
are of compressed soil. Because of the lack of an extensive research for
areas belonging to this age, the settlement plan is yet to be identified.
Ceramics: Sherds of the EBA ware in the Central Anatolian style were
recovered. They are handmade in the lower building levels whereas wheel made
in the upper levels. The building level 9 yielded sherds of the red
burnished group of ware as well as the wheel made, buff coloured coarse
group of ware decorated with bands and hatchings by red paint. The building
level 10 included sherds comparable with the ones recovered at EBA II of
Gözlükule (Tarsus) [Mellink 1983:431]. The wavy sherds disappear with this
level and handmade monochrome sherds appear. Samples of the metallic ware
from Central Anatolia are also found.
Clay: Loomweights were found in the
building level 10. The weights found in situ reveal that the stone paved
room was a weaving room [Özgüç (N) 1984:110].
Ground stone: Fragment of a
Cappadocian style marble idol was recovered from the building level 8
identical to the ones recovered in the building levels 13-12 of Kültepe
(Kayseri) [Özgüç (N) 1984:110]. This is the only sample found outside
Kültepe. It has a pointed head, a long neck and a round body. Obviously it
is a evidence of the relationship between the two settlements during the end
of the third millennium BC. Bone/Antler: Very restricted number of bones was
found. The radiating circles on all four sides of an ivory object look
exactly like the circle decorations of marble idols at Kültepe. This is
another evidence to prove the relation between the two settlements.
Human
Remains: Both extramural and intramural burials were found. When the burial
practices of EBA are taken into consideration, the number of simple pit
burials or pithos graves is poor in the settlement. N. Özgüç claims that the
extramural cemetery is located on the side facing Aksaray depending on the
grave found in the field owned by M. Mengi on the Yesilova-Aksaray road. A
cup and a depas made of a slow wheel were found here [Özgüç (N) 1980:621].
In addition, the exposure of two pithos graves recovered under the floor of
a house with stone foundation in the area BB/51 of the building level 10
indicates, even tough seldom, the presence of intramural burials [Özgüç (N)
1993:517-520]. One of the pithoi is washed in reddish brown has a
sand-tempered paste. It contains no grave goods. The other pithos is 68 cm
in height and in better condition. It is of red washed, burnished ware.
There are two small handles on the shoulders of the vessel. It includes an
infant burial just like the other one. It yielded two small copper
bracelets, a golden hair pin and various sizes of miniature pottery as grave
goods [Özgüç (N) 1993:fig.2/1-2].
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Interpretation and Dating:
The
EBA I settlement of Acemhöyük revealed not only the Central Anatolian but
also Mesopotamian and North Syrian pottery. It demonstrates that the
interaction between Acemhoyuk, localized as Prushanda later and the other
places had started in the third millennium BC. As the excavations conducted
by N. Özgüç and A. Öztan were mainly concerned with the second millennium
BC, the period of the third millennium of this significant mound is not well
known. The mound may be an important city as a citadel of EBA I. The layer
IX was dated to the early third millennium BC because of a finding, a bottle
which undeniably belonged to Syria [Özgüç (N) 1979:890]. The two handled cup
(depas) is said to be in the style of Akkads from the King Naramsin period.
N. Özgüç basically dates the building level X to the end of EBA II
-beginning of EBA III depending on the two pithos graves and their findings.
There is a discrepancy in the dating of the building levels. |
!4C
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14C
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Acemhöyük
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Mound |
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Central
Anatolia-Cappadocia |
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Aksaray |
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Yesilova |
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Chronological
Tables
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Explanation
It
has been revealed that the Acemhöyük mound had been inhabited from the Early
Bronze Age until the Roman Period. The EBA layers were uncovered only in
the eastern part of the mound during a deep sounding. The building
levels VIII-X in the trench S are dated back to the EBA II-III. All
dates are based on the palace complex, which had been undergone a fire,
dating to the Middle Bronze Age. Furthermore, the dates taken from a
juniper tree from the EBA layer of Acemhöyük went far back to BC
2671-2169 (Kuniholm 1996:331).
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Lab
No |
BP |
Material |
Layer |
BC1
SDa |
BC1
SDb |
BC2
SDa |
BC2
SDb |
Explanation |
P-1555 |
3611
+/- 49 |
Carbonized
Wood |
MBA
Palace |
2030 |
1880 |
2140 |
1770 |
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P-2041 |
3500
+/- 50 |
Charred
Wild Apple |
MBA
Palace |
1890 |
1740 |
1950 |
1680 |
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P-1595 |
3391
+/- 58 |
? |
MBA
Palace |
1770 |
1530 |
1880 |
1520 |
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- Sources
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Prof.
Aliye Oztan
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Prof.
N. Ozguc
- Data Base of
The
Archeological Settlements of Turkey-Tay Project
Acemhöyük
(Aksaray)
Situated in a fertile plain 13 km north-west of Aksaray at the south edge of
the Tuz Gölü and on the main north-south and east-west routes.
This Acemhöyük site
(ancient Purushanda/Burushattum) consists of a large mound (700 x 600 m) and
lower city. The mound itself consists of four high points, with flat areas
between, and has occupation going back into the 3rd millennium, but the
lower city was occupied only in the
Assyrian Colony
period. Both areas were
abandoned at the end of that time. Levels I and II were disturbed and
excavation has concentrated on level III, the burnt level contemporary with
Kültepe Karum II, which has produced two palaces on the high points of Sarıkaya
and Hatipler and the West Building on the third high point, as well as other
buildings in between. The cemetery was some 500 m from the mound.
Excavations at the site began in 1962 under the direction of
Prof.
Dr. Nimet Özgüç (AU-DTCF) and have continued since 1989 under Prof.
Dr. Aliye Öztan (AU-DTCF).
Around 1950 B.C., traders from the
northern Mesopotamian city of Ashur established karums, or merchants' colonies,
at a number of Central Anatolian cities, among them the site of Acemhöyük.
Assyrian merchants lived in a restricted area of these cities, trading textiles
and tin from the southeast for silver but operating under the rule of local
kings. Acemhöyük is a large mound located south of Ankara near the Turkish
city of Aksaray on the Konya Plain. It lay on a route linking Anatolia with the
East and seems to have been an important center for the copper trade and
industry. In 1965, a Turkish archaeological expedition found sealed bullae,
inscribed clay tablets, ivories, and other objects outside the karum of Acemhöyük
in two burned palaces on the highest part of the mound.
Acemhöyük is one of the biggest tumuli of
Anatolia, beside Aşağı Şehir. The data obtained from the
archaeological diggings shows that the tumulus was erected in BC 3000 and the
most successful period of the tumulus was seen in the Assyrian Trade Colonies
Period, that is in BC 1800. In the Colony Period, Aşağı Şehir
was also a large settlement area beside the tumulus. It is the center of one of
Anatolia's important kingdoms in this period. At the end of this period, both
the tumulus and Aşağı Şehir were deserted. However,
settlement occurred in the tumulus in the Early Hellenistic and Rome Periods.
The tumulus was completely deserted at the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. 3
nomad families, who came from Hoy City of Azerbaijan / Iran in 1517, settled at
the foot of the tumulus and founded today's Yeşilova.
Two palaces found
in the 3rd level belonging to the Colony Period, the most successful period of
the city, is not only important for Acemhöyük, but also for Anatolian
architectural history. The palace at the south side of the tumulus is called Sarıkaya,
and the one at the north - west is called Hatipler Palace.
Mac North and Maryanne Newton are finishing putting together a 546-year juniper
chronology from 68 pieces (possibly 15 trees) from Building Level III in the
Northwest Trench at
Acemhöyük.
At Acemhöyük, an enormous mound (800m N-S x 800m E-W) only a fraction of which
has been investigated, excavator Prof. Aliye Öztan (Ankara) thinks that the
rooms of the Northwest Trench are service buildings, or kitchens, for the
palatial Hatipler Tepesi to the east for which we already have a wiggle-matched
dendrochronological date of 1791 B.C.±37 years. Eleven ovens were excavated
during the summer of 1993 from this new area.
Although the finds (wheelmade pottery, bullae, bronze objects,
etc.) are clearly Middle Bronze Age, and the violent destruction which
brought the lives of most of the Northwest Trench buildings to an end is thought
to be the same destruction that burned Hatipler Tepesi and the Sarikaya Palace
some 400 meters to the southeast, the timbers which served as footings for the
walls of these buildings do not crossdate at all with the Middle Bronze Age
master chronology. As a glance at Fig. 3 below will show, inside an unburned
section of mudbrick wall with its two white plastered faces left and right are
horizontal stretchers with charred ends, a classic example of reused and
recycled material. Indeed, the left and right timbers are joining half-sections
of the same tree. The one chronology with which they do fit securely is the
198-year sequence from Levels 6/7 at Konya-Karahöyük which Professor Sedat Alp
(Ankara) thinks is contemporary with the Alaca Höyük royal graves about the
middle of the third millennium B.C. These stretchers were probably posts in
burned EBA buildings which were demolished to make way for the MBA service
buildings now being excavated. It is odd, if not out-right distressing, that so
far not one single piece of wood from these buildings has a Middle Bronze Age
cutting date. If, as now seems likely, we are able to attach the new 546-year
Acemhöyük series to the early end of the 1761-year Bronze Age/Iron Age
chronology, we should have a continuous chronology well over 2000 years long.
This would extend this long sequence back to 2922 B.C., but that depends on a
tenuous overlap that has not yet been worked out as of November 1993.
For instance, the first juniper sample from the Kayran Mevkii
Tumulus near Gordion, collected in a salvage operation by personnel from the
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, took Maryanne Newton all of 45
minutes to prepare, measure, and crossdate to 862 BC. By contrast, three
large boxes from a large building at Acemhöyük, just north of the Sarikaya
Palace, sent to us by Prof. Aliye Öztan, have occupied 15 people for a month,
and the end is not yet in sight, even though the majority of the 60+ samples
were poplar and consequently undatable. There are, however, some 15 pieces
of pine and long-lived oak with microscopic rings—all in what is now an
essentially treeless plain just south of the Great Salt Lake. The
oak and pine appear to be datable (Maryanne is still working on it) against wood
collected in earlier years from both Acemhöyük and Kültepe and wiggle-matched
in place with a low error margin.
Team members for the summer 2002 collecting trip were
Pam Sullivan (who has succeeded Jennifer Chiment as Lab Supervisor), students
Laura Reis and Whitney Tassie, and Government Representative Nilüfer Karakas
from the Antalya Museum. We came back at the end of August with a third of
a ton of wood and charcoal, augmented last month by the charcoal from Acemhöyük.
In the lab this term 20 people are working away on the summer’s haul,
including old-timers Kelly Jenks, Defne Bozkurt, and Beth Ryan in addition to
the summer crew.
Purushattum (transanatolie.com)
Acemhöyük-Purushattum (Aksaray) (transanatolie.com)
Purušhanda - Purušhattum - Paršuhanda (transanatolie.com)
Purushattum - Purushottam -Purushanda - Acemhöyuk - Yeşilova
-Aksaray (transanatolie.com)
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