Sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The ancestors of the Ottomans (Osmanli, Uthmanli) were Oguz Turks who followed the victorious Seljuqs into Anatolia in the 11th century. The Ottoman state began as a Ghazi Kingdom based in Bursa (old Bithynia), on the fringes of the Mongol dominated regions of central Anatolia. As Ilkhanate authority waned, Ottoman power grew and, successfully vanquishing other Ghazi domains, they became the new Power of the region.

Osman I..........................................1293-1324
Orhan............................................1324-1360
Murad I...........................................1360-1389
Beyazid I Thunderbolt.............................1389-1402
Mehmet I........................................1402-1421 with...
Isa (in Bursa)....................................1402-1406 and...
Suleyman (in Rumelia).............................1402-1410 followed by...
Musa..............................................1410-1413
Murad II..........................................1421-1444 d. 1451
Mehmet II the Conqueror.........................1444-1446 d. 1481
Murad II (restored)...............................1446-1451
Mehmet II the Conqueror (restored)..............1451-1481
Beyazid II........................................1481-1512
Selim I the Grim..................................1512-1520
Suleyman I Law-giver..............................1520-1566
Selim II the Sot..................................1566-1574
Murad III.........................................1574-1595
Mehmet III......................................1695-1603
Ahmed I...........................................1603-1617
Mustafa I.........................................1617-1618 d. 1623
Osman II.........................................1618-1622
Mustafa I (restored)..............................1622-1623
Murad IV..........................................1623-1640
Ibrahim...........................................1640-1648
Mehmet IV.......................................1648-1687 d. 1693
Suleyman II.......................................1687-1691
Ahmed II..........................................1691-1695
Mustafa II........................................1695-1703
Ahmed III.........................................1703-1730 d. 1736
Mahmud I..........................................1730-1754
Osman III........................................1754-1757
Mustafa III.......................................1757-1773
Abdulhamid I......................................1773-1789
Selim III.........................................1789-1807
Mustafa III.......................................1807-1808
Mahmud II.........................................1808-1839
Abdulmecid........................................1839-1861
Abdulaziz.........................................1861-1876
Murad V................................................1876
Abdulhamid II.....................................1876-1909 d. 1918
Mehmet V........................................1909-1918
Mehmet VI.......................................1918-1922 d. 1926
Republic of Turkey................................1922-

Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (Pervane or Vizir-i-Azam)

The Grand Viziers were the highest-ranking bureaucrats in the Ottoman Empire. They were the heads of the Sultan's divan, or council, and held meetings every four days to assess the state of the empire, pass legislation, and issue decrees (these meetings were only rarely attended by the Sultan). Except in rare cases of exceptionally strong-willed Sultans, the Grand Viziers were the true rulers of the Ottoman state (much as the Mayors of the Palace were the power behind the Frankish throne). Many of the Grand Viziers were commoners, and quite a few were of non-Turkish origin, a testement to the meritocratic nature of Ottoman society.

Aladdin Pasha.....................................1323-1331
Suleyman Pasha....................................1331-1340
Mahmudoglu Nizam ud-Din Ahmed Pasha..............1340-1348
Khadzhi Pasha.....................................1348-1360
Sinanuddin Yusuf Pasha............................1360-1368
Chandarli-Khayruddin Kara-Khalil Pasha............1368-1387
Chandarli-Ali Pasha...............................1387-1406
Osmancikli Imamzade Kara-Khalil Pasha............1406- ?
Chandarli-Ibrahim Pasha............................ ? -1418
Amasyali Bayezid Pasha............................1418-1429
Chandarli-Ibrahim Pasha (restored ?)..............1429-1436
Amasyali Khizir-Danishmand........................1436-1437
Mehmed Nizamuddin Pasha...........................1437-1439
Chandarli Khalil Pasha Fakr ad-Din................1439-1453
Mahmud Pasha......................................1453-1466
Rum-Mehmed Pasha..................................1468-1469
Isaq Pasha........................................1469-1472
Mahmud Pasha (restored)...........................1472-1474
Gedik-Ahmed Pasha.................................1474-1477
Karamani-Mehmed Pasha.............................1477-1481
Isaq Pasha (restored).............................1481-1482
Davud Pasha.......................................1482-1497
Khersekzade Ahmed Pasha...........................1497-1498
Chandarli-Ibrahim Pasha...........................1498-1499
Mesikh Pasha......................................1499-1501
Khadim Ali Pasha..................................1501-1503
Khersekzade Ahmed Pasha (restored)................1503-1506
Khadim-Ali Pasha (restored).......................1506-1511
Khersekzade Ahmed Pasha (re-restored)..................1511
Khodzha-Mustafa Pasha.............................1511-1512
Khersekzade Ahmed Pasha (re-re-restored)..........1512-1514
Dukaginoghlu Ahmed Pasha..........................1514-1515
Khersekzade Ahmed Pasha (re-re-re-restored).......1515-1516
Khadim-Sinan Pasha................................1516-1517
Yunus Pasha Devshirme..................................1517
Pili-Mehmed Pasha.................................1518-1523
Maktul-Ibrahim Pasha..............................1523-1536
Ayas-Mehmed Pasha.................................1536-1539
Lyutfi Pasha Chelebi..............................1539-1541
Khadim-Suleyman Pasha.............................1541-1544
Kekhle-i-Ikbal Rustem Fenarizade Mukhyiddin.......1544-1553
Kara-Ahmed Pasha..................................1553-1555
Sokulu Pasha......................................1555-1561
Semiz-Ali Pasha...................................1561-1565
Sokulu-Mehmed Pasha...............................1565-1579
Ahmed Pasha.......................................1579-1580
Koca Sinan Pasha..................................1580-1582
Wali of Cairo, late 1560's and early 1580's; Wali of Damascus 1580's-1590's.
Siyavush Pasha....................................1582-1584
Osman Pasha.......................................1584-1585
Mesih Pasha.......................................1585-1586
Siyavush Pasha (restored).........................1586-1589
Koca Sinan Pasha (restored).......................1589-1591
Ferhat Pasha......................................1591-1592
Siyavush Pasha (re-restored)......................1592-1593
Koca Sinan Pasha (re-restored)....................1593-1595
Ferhat Pasha (restored)................................1595
Koca Sinan Pasha (re-re-restored)......................1595
Lala Mustafa Pasha.....................................1595
Koca Sinan Pasha (re-re-re-restored)..............1595-1596
Damad Ibrahim Pasha...............................1596-1596
Cigalazade (Cagaloglu) Sinan Pasha.....................1596
Damad Ibrahim Pasha (restored)....................1596-1597
Hasan (Hadim) Pasha...............................1597-1598
Cerrah Mehmed Pasha...............................1598-1599
Damad (Damat) Ibrahim Pasha (re-restored).........1599-1601
Yemishçi Hasan Pasha..............................1601-1603
Malkoç Ali Pasha..................................1603-1604
Lala Mehmed Pasha.................................1604-1606
Dervish Pasha..........................................1606
Kuyucu Murad Pasha................................1606-1611
Nasuh Pasha.......................................1611-1614
Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha............................1614-1616
Halil Pasha.......................................1616-1619
Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha (restored)......................1619
Güzelce Ali Pasha.................................1619-1621
Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha...................................1621
Dilaver Pasha.....................................1621-1622
Kara Davut Pasha.......................................1622
Mere Hüseyin Pasha.....................................1622
Lefkeli Mehmed Pasha...................................1622
Gürcü Mehmed Pasha................................1622-1623
Mere Hüseyin Pasha (restored)..........................1623
Kemankes Kara Ali Pasha...........................1623-1624
Çerkes Mehmed Ali Pasha...........................1624-1625
Müezzin Zade Hafiz Ahmed Pasha....................1625-1626
Halil Pasha (restored)............................1626-1628
Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha................................1628-1631
Müezzin Zade Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (restored).........1631-1632
Topal Recep Pasha......................................1632
Tabani Yassi Mehmed Pasha.........................1632-1637
Bayram Pasha......................................1637-1638
Tayyar Mehmed Pasha....................................1638
Kemankesh Kara Mustafa Pasha......................1638-1644
Semin Mehmed Pasha................................1644-1645
Basdefterdar Salih Pasha..........................1645-1647
Ahmed Hezarpara Pasha.............................1647-1648
Sofu Mehmed Pasha.................................1648-1649
Kara Murad Pasha..................................1649-1651
Melek Ahmed Pasha.................................1651-1651
Siyavush Pasha.........................................1651
Gürcü Ahmed (Mehmed ?) Pasha......................1651-1652
Tarhuncu Ahmed Pasha..............................1652-1653
Dervish Mehmed Pasha..............................1653-1654
Ipshir (Ibsir) Mustafa Pasha......................1654-1655
Kara Murad Pasha (restored)............................1655
Ermeni Suleyman Pasha.............................1655-1656
Gazi Deli Hüseyin Pasha................................1656
Zurnazzen Mustafa Pasha................................1656
Uneasy lies the head... Zurnazzen held the office for a mere four hours, surely some kind of record.
Siyavush Pasha (restored)..............................1656
Boynuegri Mehmed Pasha............................1656-1657
Köprülü Muhammad Pasha............................1657-1661
Köprülü Fazil Ahmed Pasha.........................1661-1674
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha.....................1674-1683
Kara Ibrahim Pasha................................1683-1685
Silahdar (Sari) Süleyman Pasha....................1685-1687
Siyavush Pasha....................................1687-1688
Nisanci Ismail Pasha...................................1688
Tekirdagli Bekri Mustafa Pasha....................1688-1689
Koprulu Fazil Mustafa Pasha.......................1689-1691
Kadi (Arabaci) Ali Pasha..........................1691-1692
Haci (Çalik or Elhadj) Ali Pasha..................1692-1693
Bozoklu Biyikli (Büklü) Mustafa Pasha.............1693-1694
Ali Pasha Sürmeli (Defterdar).....................1694-1695
Elmas Mehmed Pasha................................1695-1697
Amcazade Hüseyin Pasha............................1697-1702
Daltaban Mustafa Pasha............................1702-1703
Rami Mehmed Pasha......................................1703 d. 1706
Kavanoz Nisanci Ahmed Pasha............................1703 d. 1705
Damad Hasan Pasha.................................1703-1704 d. 1713
Kalaylikoz Haci Ahmed Pasha............................1704 d. 1715
Baltaci Mehmed Pasha..............................1704-1706 d. 1712
Damad Çorlulu Ali Pasha...........................1706-1710 d. 1711
Köprülüzade Damad Numan Pasha..........................1710 d. 1719
Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (restored)...................1710-1711
Aga Yusuf Pasha...................................1711-1712 d. 1714
Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (re-restored).............1712-1713
Ibrahim Hoca Pasha.....................................1713
Sehid Damad Silahdar Ali Pasha....................1713-1716
Haci Halil Pasha..................................1716-1717 d. 1733
Nisanci Mehmed Pasha..............................1717-1718 d. 1728
Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha....................1718-1730
Damad Silahdar Mehmed Pasha.......................1730-1731 d. 1737
Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha................................1731 d. 1742
Topal Osman Pasha.................................1731-1732 d. 1736
Vali in Bosnia, and later in Vidin (Bulgaria). Retired from the Grand Viziership but later assassinated by Iranian agents owing to his habit of fielding victorious armies against the Shah.
Hekimoglu Ali Pasha...............................1732-1735 d. 1758
Gürcü Ismail Pasha.....................................1735
Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha......................1736-1737 d. 1756
Muhsinzade Abdullah Çelebi (Vali in Bosnia)............1737 d. 1749
Yegen Mehmed Pasha................................1737-1739 d. 1745
Haci Ivazzade Mehmed Pasha........................1739-1740 d. 1743
Nisanci Haci Ahmed Pasha..........................1740-1742
Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (restored).........................1742 d. 1758
Said Hasan Pasha..................................1742-1746 d. 1748
Tiryaki Haci Mehmed Pasha.........................1746-1747 d. 1751
Boynuegri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha...................1747-1750 d. 1761
Divitdar Mehmed Pasha.............................1750-1752
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha..........................1752-1755 d. 1765
Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (re-restored)......................1755 d. 1758
Naili Abdullah Pasha...................................1755 d. 1758
Nisanci Biyikli Ali Pasha..............................1755
Mehmed Said Pasha.................................1755-1756
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (restored)....................1756
Koca Mehmed Ragib Pasha...........................1757-1763
Hamza Hamid Pasha......................................1763 d. 1770
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (re-restored)............1763-1765
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha...........................1765-1768 d. 1773
Silahdar Mahir Hamza Pasha.............................1768
Yaglikçizade Nisani Mehmed Emin Pasha.............1768-1769
Moldovanci Ali Pasha...................................1769
Ivazzade Halil Pasha..............................1769-1770 d. 1777
Silahdar Mehmed Pasha.............................1770-1771
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (restored)................1771-1773
Izzet Mehmed Pasha................................1773-1775 d. 1783
Dervis Mehmed Pasha...............................1775-1777
Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha.................1777-1778 d. 1784
Kalafat Mehmed Pasha..............................1778-1779 d. 1792
Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha......................1779-1781 d. 1781
Izzet Mehmed Pasha (restored).....................1781-1782 d. 1738
Yegen Haci Mehmed Pasha................................1782 d. 1786
Halil Hamid Pasha.................................1782-1785
Sahin Ali Pasha...................................1785-1786 d. 1789
Koca Yusuf Pasha..................................1786-1789 d. 1800
Kethuda Çerkes Hasan Pasha........................1789-1790 d. 1810
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha.............................1790
Rusçuklu Cezayirli Hasan Serif Pasha..............1790-1791
Koca Yusuf Pasha (restored).......................1791-1792 d. 1800
Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha..........................1792-1794 d. 1802
Izzet Mehmed Pasha................................1794-1798 d. 1812
Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha.............................1798-1805 d. 1818
Hafiz Ismail Pasha................................1805-1806
Hilmi Ibrahim Pasha...............................1806-1807
Çelebi Mustafa Pasha..............................1807-1808 d. 1810
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar"......................1808
Memis Pasha............................................1808 d. 1809
Çarhaci Ali Pasha.................................1808-1809 d. 1823
Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (restored)..................1809-1811 d. 1818
Laz Ahmed Pasha...................................1811-1812
Hursid Ahmed Pasha................................1812-1815 d. 1818
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha............................1815-1818 d. 1859
Dervis Mehmed Pasha...............................1818-1820 d. 1837
Seyyid Ali Pasha..................................1820-1821
Benderli Ali Pasha.....................................1821
Haci Salih Pasha..................................1821-1822
Hamdullah Abdullah Pasha..........................1822-1823
Silahdar Ali Pasha.....................................1823
Mehmed Said Galip Pasha...........................1823-1824 d. 1829
Benderli Selim Sirri Pasha........................1824-1828 d. 1831
Izzet Mehmet Pasha................................1828-1829
Resid Mehmed Pasha................................1829-1833 d. 1836
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (restored).................1833-1839 d. 1859
Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha...............................1839-1841 d. 1855
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (re-restored)...................1841 d. 1859
Izzet Mehmet Pasha (restored).....................1841-1842
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (re-re-restored)...........1842-1846 d. 1859
Mustafa Resid Pasha...............................1846-1848 d. 1858
Ibrahim Sarim Pasha....................................1848 d. 1853
Mustafa Resid Pasha (restored)....................1848-1852 d. 1858
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (re-re-re-restored).............1852 d. 1859
Mustafa Resid Pasha (re-restored)......................1852 d. 1858
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha..................................1852 d. 1871
Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha............................1852-1853 d. 1868
Mustafa Naili Pasha...............................1853-1854 d. 1871
Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha..................................1854 d. 1865
Mustafa Resid Pasha (re-re-restored)..............1854-1855 d. 1858
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (restored)..................1855-1856 d. 1871
Mustafa Resid Pasha (re-re-re-restored)...........1856-1857 d. 1858
Mustafa Naili Pasha (restored).........................1857 d. 1871
Mustafa Resid Pasha (re-re-re-re-restored)........1857-1858
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (re-restored)...............1858-1859 d. 1871
Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (restored).......................1859 d. 1865
Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha.......................1859-1860 d. 1882
Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (re-restored)...............1860-1861 d. 1865
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (re-re-restored).................1861 d. 1871
Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha......................1861-1863 d. 1869
Yusuf Kamil Pasha......................................1863 d. 1876
Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (restored)...........1863-1866 d. 1869
Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (restored)............1866-1867 d. 1882
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (re-re-re-restored).........1867-1871
Mahmud Nedim Pasha................................1871-1872 d. 1883
Midhat Pasha...........................................1872 d. 1884
Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (re-restored).........1872-1873 d. 1882
Mehmed Esad Pasha......................................1873 d. 1875
Sirvanizade Mehmed Rüstü Pasha....................1873-1874
Hüseyin Avni Pasha................................1874-1875 d. 1876
Mehmed Esad Pasha (restored)...........................1875
Mahmud Nedim Pasha (restored).....................1875-1876 d. 1883
Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (re-re-restored)...........1876 d. 1882
Midhat Pasha (restored)...........................1876-1877 d. 1884
Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem Pasha.......................1877-1878 d. 1893
Ahmed Hamdi Pasha......................................1878 d. 1885
Ahmed Vefik Pasha......................................1878 d. 1891
Mehmed Sadik Pasha.....................................1878 d. 1901
Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (re-re-re-restored)........1878 d. 1882
Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha...............................1878 d. 1881
Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha...........................1878-1879 d. 1890
Arifi Pasha............................................1879 d. 1895
Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha...........................1879-1882 d. 1914
Ahmed Vefik Pasha (restored)...........................1882 d. 1891
Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (restored)................1882-1885 d. 1914
Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha.......................1885-1891 d. 1913
Ahmed Cevad Pasha.................................1891-1895 d. 1900
Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (re-restored)..................1895 d. 1914
Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (restored).................1895 d. 1913
Halil Rifat Pasha.................................1895-1901
Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (re-re-restored)..........1901-1903 d. 1914
Mehmed Ferid Pasha................................1903-1908 d. 1914
Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (re-re-re-restored)............1908 d. 1914
Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (re-restored).........1908-1909 d. 1913
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha.....................................1909 d. 1936
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha...............................1909-1910 d. 1922
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha...............................1910-1911 d. 1918
Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (re-re-re-re-restored)....1911-1912 d. 1914
Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha................................1912 d. 1918
Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (re-re-restored)......1912-1913
Mahmud Sevket Pasha....................................1913
Said Halim Pasha..................................1913-1917 d. 1921
Mehmed Talat Pasha................................1917-1918 d. 1921
Ahmed Izzet Pasha......................................1918 d. 1937
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (restored).....................1918-1919 d. 1936
Damad Adil Ferid Pasha.................................1919 d. 1923
Ali Riza Pasha....................................1919-1920 d. 1932
Salih Pasha............................................1920 d. 1939
Damad Adil Ferid Pasha (restored)......................1920 d. 1923
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (re-restored)..................1920-1922 d. 1936

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